1.) Mangaphi amabanjwa aseMelika afaka amatyala ngokuchasene nenkqubo yentolongo ewabambe ekuthinjweni?

Amabanjwa angama-27 kwi-1,000 ngalinye afaka iState okanye i-Federal Lawsuit malunga nokuphathwa kwawo.

Ulwazi oluvela: kwiYunivesithi yaseMichigan Law School

https://www.law.umich.edu/facultyhome/margoschlanger/Documents/Publications/Inmate_Litigation_Results_National_Survey.pdf

2.) Bangaphi abantu abasentolongweni eMelika?

Ngo-2025, inani labantu basentolongweni e-US liqikelelwa ukuba limalunga nezigidi ezi-2 zabantu. Eli nani libandakanya abantu abavalelwe kwiintolongo zikarhulumente, iintolongo zomdibaniso, iintolongo zasekuhlaleni, kunye namanye amaziko oluleko. Ingxelo yeNyathelo loMgaqo-nkqubo weNtolongo "Ukuvalelwa kweSininzi: The Whole Pie 2025" ingxelo ibonelela ngembono ebanzi yaba bantu bavalelweyo. Izinga lokuvalelwa e-US lelinye lawona aphezulu kwihlabathi, kunye nabantu abangama-583 kwi-100,000 evalelweyo.

https://www.prisonpolicy.org/reports/pie2025.html#:~:text=Together%2C%20these%20systems%20hold%20nearly,centers%2C%20state%20psychiatric%20hospital%2C%20and

3.) Ke, lithini inani lamabanjwa aseMelika afaka amatyala malunga nonyango lwawo ngonyaka?

Izigidi ezibini ezahlulwe ngewaka zilingana namawaka amabini

Amawaka amabini aphindwe kabini anesixhenxe alingana nama-54,000

Ke, malunga nama-54,000 amabanjwa aseMelika afaka amatyala kurhulumente okanye kwinkundla yomanyano malunga nokuphathwa kwawo nyaka ngamnye.

4.) Ngaba onke amabanjwa axhatshazwayo eMelika afaka amatyala?

Ukuba uyifundile incwadi yam, uyazi ukuba inkqubo yentolongo iyazi kakuhle into emayiyenze ukuze ithintele amandla ebanjwa ekufakeni isimangalo. Baye bayeka ngokupheleleyo ukukwazi ukubamangalela. Ukuba sithathela ingqalelo inani lamabanjwa axhatshazwayo angafaki isimangalo, elona nani lamabanjwa aseMelika axhatshazwayo kwiintolongo zaseMelika liphezulu kakhulu kune-54,000 - liphezulu kakhulu. Ubungakanani bamatyala abupheleliselwanga kukuchwechwela, izenzo zangaphantsi yinkqubo yentolongo, kodwa nangokukwazi kwebanjwa ukufaka isimangalo. Amanye amabanjwa awafaki simangalo malunga nokuphathwa gadalala kwawo kuba engafuni ukubonwa njengabantu ababuthathaka okanye 'umqweqwedisi'. Amanye amabanjwa awayazi nje indlela yokumangalela yaye akanamntu wokuwanceda. Ukungazi kwabo kuyabanqanda. Elinye iqela elikhulu kakhulu elingazange lifake izimangalo ngabakhubazekileyo ngengqondo. Basuka nje abanawo amandla engqondo okuqonda okwenzekayo kubo, singasathethi ke ukuba mabenze ntoni ngaloo nto. Xa ndandisentolongweni, ndafumanisa ukuba amabanjwa anengxaki yengqondo ngawona aphathwa kakubi ngoonogada. Oonogada babengawoyiki amabanjwa 'eMpilo yeNgqondo' kwaye besoloko bewaxhaphaza. Ukugula kodwa kuyinyaniso.

5.) Ngaba amabanjwa ayaxoka ngokuxhatshazwa?

Ndandisentolongweni iminyaka engaphaya kweshumi elinesine ndafumanisa ukuba into yokuba uthi uxhatshazwe ngabasebenzi basentolongweni ayijongwanga ngamanye amabanjwa. Kwenza ukuba ibanjwa elikhalazayo libukeke libuthathaka kwaye libangela ukuba ibanjwa libhalwe 'njengombhexeshi' ngokusebenzisa inkqubo yezomthetho. Ingqondo eqhelekileyo phakathi kwamabanjwa kukuba kufuneka ubethe ngokwasemzimbeni nawuphi na unogada owenzakalisayo. Ukuziphindezela ngendlela yokuhlasela ngokwasemzimbeni kuyancomeka ngamabanjwa, ngelixa amatyala enkundla akafunwa. Ngoko ke, ngoxa amanye amabanjwa esenokuxoka ngokuxhatshazwa, inkoliso yawo ayixoki. Babeka emngciphekweni wobundlobongela obusenyameni obuvela kubasebenzi bentolongo kunye namanye amabanjwa ngokuza ngaphambili namabali abo. Ukuxoka kunqabile.

6.) Ngaba iMelika inemithetho eyenzelwe ukunqanda amabanjwa ekufakeni amatyala malunga nokuxhatshazwa kwawo ngabasebenzi basejele?

Ewe, imithetho ethile ikhusela inkqubo yentolongo kumatyala, isenza kube nzima ngakumbi kumabanjwa ukumangalela ngokwaphulwa komgaqo-siseko okanye iimeko zentolongo. UMthetho woHlengahlengiso lwamaTyala eNtolongo (PLRA) ngumzekelo ophambili womthetho onjalo. Igunyazisa ukuba amabanjwa asebenzise onke amayeza olawulo phambi kokuba afake amatyala anxulumene neemeko zentolongo. Amaxesha amaninzi amabanjwa avalelwa odwa ngaphandle kweposi okanye ukufikelela kumayeza olawulo, abizwa ngokuba 'sisikhalazo', ngoko ke akanakumangalela. Ndiyayichaza indlela ekwenziwa ngayo oku kum kwincwadi yam. Inkqubo yentolongo iyazi ukuba awukwazi ukufaka izikhalazo, awunakuze ufake isimangalo, ngoko ke basebenzisa amaqhinga, amaqhinga afana nokufaka ibanjwa kwisiqulatho ukuthintela inyathelo lokuqala kwinkqubo yokumangalela. Ukugcinwa kwebanjwa kuxa ibanjwa lifakwa kwisisele sodwa baze oonogada baxelelwe ukuba banganiki ibanjwa iifomu zokufaka isikhalazo kwaye baphose naziphi na izikhalazo ezibhaliweyo emgqomeni kunokuba bazingenise. Oku kwenziwa kum kwiNtolongo yaseCentral eRaleigh, eNorth Carolina ukuqinisekisa ukuba andinakuze ndifake isimangalo malunga noxhatshazo endilifumene apho.

Kukho eminye imithetho ye-Federal ethintela amabanjwa ekulandeleni amatyala malunga nonyango lwawo. Ijaji yomanyano olulodwa ifunda isikhalazo ngasinye sebanjwa kwaye inegunya lokusichitha ngaphandle kobungqina bokumamela ukuba ibona isimangalo 'simnandi' okanye 'siyakhohlisa'. Lo mthetho uvumela abasebenzi basentolongweni ukuba baphathe gadalala amabanjwa ngokwenza nje into ebonwa lula 'njengemnandi', njengokusebenzisa ipali yentsimbi ukubetha ibanjwa. Eli lelinye ikroba lokuxhatshazwa entolongweni. Okoko nje inkqubo yentolongo isenza into 'ephambeneyo', abanakubekwa tyala. Ndixoxa ngendlela oku kwenzeka ngayo kum kwincwadi yam.